Saturday, October 15, 2011

New Data on Bankers' Risk Aversion


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Probably the most controversial claim of the book will prove to be our suggestion that the behavior of bankers before the crisis was actually risk averse, at least in the aggregate. (A key point of Chapter 4, however, is that there was considerable heterogeneity underneath these aggregates.)

The risk-aversion claim rests on two facts: the much-higher-than-legally required capital ratios of commercial banks and savings and loans before the crisis; and the fact that commercial banks and S&Ls overwhelmingly bought the least lucrative and supposedly “safest” mortgage-backed securities: those implicitly guaranteed by the federal government through Fannie and Freddie’s congressional charters; and those rated AAA vs. those rated AA or lower.

Lower-paying bonds pay higher yields than higher-rated bonds, which in turn pay higher yields than “agency” (Fannie/Freddie) bonds. Reckless, greedy bankers should not have bought agencies or AAA bonds; they should have bought BB or BBB bonds.

In Table 2.2 of the book, we claim that banks bought more than twice the quantity of agency bonds as AAA mortgage bonds, and four times the quantity of AAA mortgage bonds as AAA CDOs. CDOs usually tranched mezzanine (sub-AAA) tranches of “regular” mortgage bonds, i.e., private-label mortgage-backed securities (PLMBS), so AAA CDOs were objectively riskier than AAA PLMBS. Thus, one way to view the collective risk profile of U.S. banks and savings and loans is to recognize that the following list shows the least risky and least lucrative of their mortgage bond holdings first, with the riskiest and most lucrative last:

$852 billion in agency bonds
$383 billion in AAA private-label mortgage-backed securities
$90 billion in AAA CDOs

Those are the figures on which row 1 of our Table 2.2 are based. However, none of our tables show bank holdings of actual AA, A, BBB, or BB tranches of PLMBS or CDOs. This is because our data on the distribution of the various types of mortgage bond in banks’ portfolios came from a famous Lehman Brothers study dated April 11, 2008: “Residential Credit Losses—Going into Extra Innings?” (We discuss this study in end note 1 to the conclusion of the book.) The Lehman figures assign PLMBS and CDO holdings by various types of investor (commercial banks and S&Ls, investment banks, hedge funds, etc.) by billions of dollars. But the 2008 Lehman table says that commercial banks held no PLMBS or CDOs rated lower than AAA. That seems implausible, unless the authors of the report could not find holdings totaling more than $500 million, so the figure got rounded down to zero billions of dollars. (We attempted to contact the authors of the report, but they all now work for hedge funds and are barred from communicating with members of the public.)

The Lehman figures have been widely cited by others (e.g., Arvind Krishnamurthy, “The Financial Meltdown: Data and Diagnoses”--download PDF--Table 1 [November 2008]; Viral Acharya and Matthew Richardson, Restoring Financial Stability: How to Repair a Failed System [2008], Table 5). They are more comprehensive and newer than the only comparable data source, a 2007 Lehman Brothers report entitled “Who Owns Residential Credit Risk” (cited by the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, “Preliminary Staff Report: Securitization and the Mortgage Crisis” [April 2010], Table 1). However, we wish there were a better source. Unfortunately, as of November 2010, when our book was completed, we knew of no other data. Now (ht Viral Acharya) we do—although this source, too, has limitations.

In August 2011, Isil Erel, Taylor D. Nadauld, and RenĂ© M. Stulz released an NBER working paper, “Why Did U.S. Banks Invest in Highly Rated Securitization Tranches?” Erel et. al found a way to use regulatory filings from bank holding companies to “back out” their holdings of asset-backed securities, including mortgage bonds.

The key data source, Schedule HC-R of form FR Y-9C, groups assets by risk bucket: 0%, 20%, 50%, 100%. This means that AAA and AA PLMBS, which were both risk weighted at 20%, are grouped together. And the 100% category contains so many different types of securities, such as corporate bonds and equities, that we cannot back out mortgage bonds in that category, namely those rated BBB or BB. Using Erel et al.’s method, however, we are able to provide the following results for the four biggest bank holding companies as of the end of 2006:

Citigroup:
$70 billion in agency bonds
$28 billion in AAA/AA ABS
$10 billion in A-rated ABS

Bank of America:
$157 billion in agency bonds
$4 billion in AAA/AA ABS
$2 billion in A-rated ABS

JPMorganChase:
$75 billion in agency bonds
$1 billion in AAA/AA ABS
$0 billion ($351 million) in A-rated ABS

Wells Fargo:
$27 billion in agency bonds
$27 billion in AAA/AA ABS
$1 billion in A-rated ABS

Aggregate:
$329 billion in agency bonds
$60 billion in AAA/AA ABS
$13 billion in A-rated ABS

In short, the Big Four invested in the safest two classes of asset-backed securities securities, agency mortgage bonds and AAA/AA-rated ABS, at a ratio of 28:1 compared to the riskiest, most lucrative category for which we have figures: A-rated ABS. One should keep in mind that, for example, in mid-2006, agencies paid a 9-bps spread over Treasuries, AAA mortgage bonds paid 18 bps, AA mortgage bonds paid 32 bps, and A mortgage bonds paid 54 bps (Ashcraft and Schuermann, "Understanding the Securitization of Subprime Mortgage Credit," p. 28, Table 16). Reckless, greedy bankers should have bought As--or lower-rated mortgage bonds (BBBs paid 154 bps, and BBB- paid 267 bps) every time--never agencies, AAAs, or AAs.

However, do the new data mean that the Lehman figures on which we relied are wrong, for showing zero (or less than $500 million) in sub-AAA mortgage-bond holdings among commercial banks and savings and loans? Not necessarily. The figures above are from the consolidated regulatory filings of bank holding companies, which include investment-banking arms. The Lehman figures do show $24 billion in sub-AAA bonds among investment banks. Moreover, the data above cover all ABS, including credit-card ABS, auto-loan ABS, student-loan ABS, and more exotic categories, not just mortgage ABS.

As for the data, then, we conclude that the full story remains to be told, but that our basic point stands: the bankers—even at Citigroup, which had the riskiest portfolio—were not behaving in patterns we would expect from reckless greedheads.

37 comments:

Vuk Vukovic said...

Mr Friedman, Mr Kraus,
allow me to extend my congratulations on a well formed argument on what actually caused the financial crisis.

I was inspired by your joint article "A Silver Lining to the Financial Crisis" and prof. Friedman's article "A Crisis of Politics not Economics" which have helped me to realize the dangers of regulatory failures and artificial demand created for the MBSs which led to the housing bubble.
I have published a paper on the crisis myself which you may access at my blog (I posted a summary of the paper):
http://im-an-economist.blogspot.com/p/financial-crisis-2007-2009.html

I have quoted your articles to support my argument on the regulatory confinements behind the crisis. I hope your book brings even more surprising and interesting insights, such as the ones you posted on this blog.

I also have to commend you on the argument on 'greedy bankers' and the way you prove that they invested only into the safest assets, so there was no sign of reckless behaviour.

Keep up the excellent work and I'm looking forward to reading more of your blog posts and papers on the crisis.

Dean Croshere said...

The analysis is particularly interesting, but I think it ignores the most important question: Why was incredibly risky debt packaged together as AAA/Safe debt?

Were the bankers complicit in the ratings agencies failure to properly evaluate the risk level of sub-prime CDOs?

Perhaps you cover this in the book, which I have not yet read. If bankers were involved in making high risk investments into low risk investments, then buying a lot of that supposedly-but-not-really low risk investment doesn't make them risk averse.

BradyDale said...

It's a great point, but it seems to me the real risk that everyone was averse to was missing the gains all their friends were making. They were following the herd because the herd was, for now, making money. So, if they could follow it using something Moody's was dumb enough to call safe, so much the better.

Further, no matter what way you slice it, it's hard to say that any institution that was willing to give out a credit default swap (that's the name of the big insurance policy, right?), was risk averse. That's the big sack of crazy that made all this nuttiness possible. How could any institution insure for billions and billions... when the downside risk was so huge?

That was crazy and it was pure greed. They did it because they had convinced themselves that they would never have to pay and so by taking the "risk" on they were making suckers of their clients, because it was all free money (unless the big one ever hit).

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Thank God for verifiedprohackers@gmail.com it was with the help of this hacker I knew my wife was planning to poison me Though have been in contact with verifiedprohackers@gmail.com for a while now and also this hacker was able to gain access to my wife iPhone 12 Pro max after we gained full control of my spouse phone for over 5 months now just yesterday I got notified right on my phone of a particular text messages my wife deleted and I was able to read her deleted text messages and I read her conversation with the man she has been planning with to kill me so that they can continue there love life without me been an obstacle verifiedprohackers@gmail.com I will never stop appreciating you, you are the best am happy my time, funds and everything was never in vain.

patricia cox said...

me and my husband are here to testify about how we use Oscar White black ATM card to make money and also have our own business today. Go get your blank ATM card today and be among the lucky ones. This PROGRAMMED blank ATM card is capable of hacking into any ATM machine,anywhere in the world.It has really changed our life for good and now we can say we are rich and we can never be poor again. You can withdraw the maximum of $5,000 daily and $140,000 a month, We can proudly say our business is doing fine and we have up to $20,000 000 (20 millions dollars in our account) Is not illegal,there is no risk of being caught ,because it has been programmed in such a way that it is not traceable,it also has a technique that makes it impossible for the CCTV to detect you..For details and cost on how to get yours today, email the hackers on : oscarwhitehackersworld@gmail.com ,Text & Call or Whats-app: +1(209)-643-1515

julia moreton said...

Hello,
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Tashia Carter said...

Indeed hackers are real a very big thank you to spyexpert0@gmail.com for the iPhone 13 hack without trace or notifications your job was to smooth and perfect thank you once again.

wizard wilson said...

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Unknown said...

Hello Blog admin I want to share some useful articles here for anyone looking for financial help to get through.
I want to talk about a God Fearing loan lender who lend me $400,000.00 to finance my business when I couldn't get help from my community bank here in Ohio, Mr Pedro was very nice to work with in every aspect of financial assistance so I will advise anyone here looking for a loan to contact Mr Pedro on Email / WhatsApp text.
Pedro Email: pedroloanss@gmail.com
Mr Pedro WhatsApp text: +1 863 231 0632

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CONTACT US FOR ALL TYPES OF HACKING JOB We provide professional hacking services, we provide the following services.
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Thanks to WIZARD BRIXTON , I recovered a good number of my bitcoin. Be sure to receive excellent service , he shows proof of work and payment is made only after service well done to your satisfaction Contact him: WIZARDBRIXTON@GMAIL.COM, WhatsApp : (+1- /807-23 4-0428

Steven George said...

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Thanks to WIZARD BRIXTON, I recovered a good number of my bitcoin. Be sure to receive excellent service, he shows proof of work and payment is made only after service well done to your satisfaction Contact him: WIZARDBRIXTON@GMAIL.COM, WhatsApp : (+1- /807-23 4-0428

EVANS said...

Hello, my name is Evans from the United Kingdom am here to give a testimonial on how I meet one of the best Hacker so far on my incredible moment of pain I lost a huge amount of money to a fake investor, I invested 105,000 USD to this investment company with my belief that I will have a huge return when it was time for me to get my return they company no longer pick my calls or reply to my email I was so devasted that my sister saw my pain and sad sorrow she have no choice than to introduce me to this great hacker called Wizard wilson . I tell him everything about my situation and he asked for the company email address and the mobile number he promises to help me retrieval my funds if I will be able to cooperate and give him the vital information needed less than 24 hours he was able to give me the necessary details about the company and how he will get my funds back without the company approval. Contact him: wizardwilsonsoftware@Yahoo.com I was very happy when he recovered all my funds and gave me 2% of the profit the company could have given to me . so I promise to make him go viral for everyone to contact him in different aspects of hacking software program in your life he proves the best in his job CONTACT HIM: wizardwilsonsoftware@Yahoo.com his whatsapp number +1(321) 621_1089

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Life is full of drama and dilemma which can make you lose all hope and faith. You might even think of committing suicide when life issues get at you. All you need to do is to be strong, learn to motivate, encourage and jeer up yourself. Hard times never lasts, remember there is always a light at the end of a tunnel. People changes but God remain constant with his promises. I faced fierce turbulent situation in my relationship in the past few months ago, from having issues with my wife and all of that. I just woke up one day and I prayed to God for a way out. I spoke to a friend about this and he told me to be calm and introduced me to a great IT expert who helped me get into my cheating wife device retrieve all her text messages, call logs, iMessages, Zoom calls, Snapchat, Instagram and Skype activities. I was at first skeptic of using his services but the word of God came to me he’s the real deal after seeing many good and satisfactory recommendation about him. Many thanks to Smith, you can get in touch with him at wizardwilsonsoftware@Yahoo.com for all investigatory, spying and tracking services. He’s the best out here, this info retrieved from my wife’s phone helped me to reconstruct my relationship. We got different intents coming here to search for an app to track our partner or friends so it’s advisable to know the truth and not fall prey to the evil ones. His other services include: Website hacks, Retrieval of deleted messages and files, Phone cloning, retrieval of stolen bitcoins and lost wallet address passwords and many more. Reach out to ( wizardwilsonsoftware@Yahoo.com his whatsapp number +1 (321) 621_1089 now!!! and enjoy a quality and wonderful service.

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Cryptocurrency investing has got my new year off to a great start. I invested € 450 about 7 days ago. I have just received a profit of € 5,500 in my Binance wallet. If you want to make money from crypto and binary investing today, all you need to do is contact Mr Mike via email: ( int.hackers002@gmail.com or contact Whats-app: +1(765) 705-0044

SARAH ELIS said...

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